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Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Over the past two decades, this technology has become mainstream, however most of the books out there have been written ages ago and also in a style that is not easy to understand. For more information on Variable Frequency Drive technology and applications please visit The author has worked in specifying, selecting, installing and maintaining AC Variable Speed Drives for at least 10 years in his two decade experience in industry, so this ebook has been written with an audience of engineers and technicians who wish to understand the technology quickly, without too much digression, so that they can start to build their applications using VFDs. As you can see, this quick guide covers pretty much everything that you, as an engineer or technician, need to know about AC VFDs to start implementing this technology in your plant. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. The Quick Guide to AC Variable Frequency Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs for short), also known by other names such as Variable Speed Drives, Adjustable Speed Drives, Inverter Drives, or simply as VFD drives, are seeing increasing adoption by a host of industries and establishments. A large proportion of this electrical energy is used to drive ac induction motors. A properly designed VFD and ac motor combination can not only offer energy savings, but also result in significantly better controls.

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These in turn lead to a host of benefits such as productivity improvement, more throughput, lesser costs and ease of operation. Unfortunately, even as VFD technology continues to progress by leaps and bounds every year, the amount of available real world, vendor neutral and usable information, that a typical user of VFDs needs, is simply unavailable. There are very few choices to the user of a VFD-either to refer to published books (that are obsolete as they were written years ago), or to depend on the VFD vendors themselves for the information. Another alternative is to surf the internet to find nuggets of information here and there, but it is a time consuming process, without any end and with no guarantee that the information is genuine or trusted. This ebook covers almost everything that is practically needed for a typical engineer, technician or other technical professional to understand how VFDs work and to select, use and install VFDs. Since this ebook is vendor neutral, the reader can be assured that is completely neutral and unbiased, written solely from a technology perspective. The ebook is written in a very easy to read style, with plenty of color graphics, diagrams and photos. The Table BASIC CONCEPTS Introduction VFDs, VSDs, ASDs, VVVF Converters, Inverters AC Motors An ac induction motor Speed Control of ac induction motors Power, Speed and Torque Torque Locked Rotor Torque Motor characteristics and types Design A motor Design B motor Design C motor Design D motor Design E motor Which type is best for my application. PID Control Anti-windmill protection and Flying Start Anti-windmill protection Flying Start-Catching up with the motor at power on Skip Frequencies Torque Control Direct Torque Control How does DTC work? Total Harmonic Distortion Problems due to harmonics What could be the PCC. Everything is explained in very easy to understand language, so that users of VFDs need not feel that they are reading a PhD thesis.

The added color diagrams and graphics make reading it a pleasurable experience. A typical technical professional working in a factory or other facility just wants to know how a VFD works, how to specify, select and install a VFD and this is what the ebook does. To make the buy decision simpler, a full trial preview, that allows the full download of this ebook, is available at the Abhisam Software website. Download the full trial here now. How to Buy? Please visit our website here ( to buy online via Credit Card, Paypal, Webmoney and other payment types. Our payments are processed via Share-It and all ordering is completely secure. Upon receipt of your payment, you will get a license key that will activate the ebook. The Quick Guide to Variable Frequency Drives ebook Operating Systems This ebook is in the form of a protected pdf and will run on Windows OS (XP, Vista, 7). It is not Mac compatible. Questions? Have a question that is not answered here. Feel free to write to us or call us at either of the locations below.AC Drives Using PWM Techniques In this type of drive, a diode bridge rectifier In this type of drive, a diode bridge rectifier An adjustable frequency drive is a system for controlling the speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A basic adjustable This leading position results mainly Kazuya SHIRAHATA Our speed control motor packages include the motor, Most VFDs are fairly simple to install and operate however, they are quite complex with respect Application Handbook There are many types of SCR s, most Abstract - Single Phase AC motors continue to be Finish the rest of the questions for discussion in class on Wednesday. Question 1 Questions AC s are becoming Adjustable Frequency Drives Low Voltage 32.0-1. Contents The method discussed in this The system concept with Manual Motor Starters provides GE imagination at work Easy to connect - All connectors are generously sized and clearly labeled.

Easy to configure - The Applications V. User s manual ACS355 drives Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Harmonic Distortion is a measure of the amount of deviation It will also show the user how to ISSN 0974-2174 Volume 7, Number 10 (2014), pp. 1027-1035 International Research Publication House Simulation and In this presentation we will look at: In this presentation we will look at: How switch mode drivers work, switch mode driver topologies, In practice, however, conditions are never ideal, so these waveforms All rights DC Motors Explained: White Paper, Title Page User s manual ACS355 drives Powerful Performance.Abstract This paper provides detailed data regarding the operation of the VLT HVAC Drive FC02 at varying ambient In this presentation we In this presentation we will look at: - the typical circuit structure of AC-DC In the stable region of operation in the motoring mode, the curve is rather steep and goes from zero torque In 1963, he moved to Stockholm. From This document was prepared by Advanced Energy. December 12 th, 2014 Introduction In June of this year, AC Kinetics contacted Mike Brink HNF, Design Technologist. Mike Brink HNF, Design Technologist. Abstract. I have been asked to put together a detailed article on a SWR meter. In this article I will deal Servo Drive Current Loop Tuning Procedure (intended for Analog input PWM output servo drives) General Procedure AN-015 They are reliable, efficient, Technical content Now, more than ever, electronic equipment and computing To use this website, you must agree to our Privacy Policy, including cookie policy. This is because the magnetic field causes currents to flow in the rotor windings and produces a torque which turns the rotor; so if the rotor turns at the same speed as the magnetic field, there would be no relative motion between the rotor and the magnetic field, and no torque would be produced. The higher the slip, the more torque is produced by the motor. This is called the synchronous speed.

The plotted line then drops down to 0 starting torque at 100 speed.DC power contains voltage ripples which are smoothed using filter capacitors. This section of the VFD is often referred to as the DC link. This conversion is typically achieved through the use of power electronic devices such as IGBT power transistors using a technique called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The output voltage is turned on and off at a high frequency, with the duration of on-time, or width of the pulse, controlled to approximate a sinusoidal waveform. These technologies have now been replaced by the PWM VFD. For enquiries, contact us. About 25 of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications. Systems using VFDs can be more efficient than those using throttling control of fluid flow, such as in systems with pumps and damper control for fans.Some types of single-phase motors or synchronous motors can be advantageous in some situations, but generally three-phase induction motors are preferred as the most economical. Motors that are designed for fixed-speed operation are often used.Voltage-source inverter (VSI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below) are by far the most common type of drives. Most drives are AC-AC drives in that they convert AC line input to AC inverter output. However, in some applications such as common DC bus or solar applications, drives are configured as DC-AC drives. The most basic rectifier converter for the VSI drive is configured as a three-phase, six-pulse, full-wave diode bridge. In a VSI drive, the DC link consists of a capacitor which smooths out the converter's DC output ripple and provides a stiff input to the inverter. This filtered DC voltage is converted to quasi- sinusoidal AC voltage output using the inverter's active switching elements.

VSI drives provide higher power factor and lower harmonic distortion than phase-controlled current-source inverter (CSI) and load-commutated inverter (LCI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below). Permanent magnet synchronous motors have quite limited field-weakening speed range due to the constant magnet flux linkage. Wound-rotor synchronous motors and induction motors have much wider speed range. Thus, rated power can be typically produced only up to 130-150 of the rated nameplate speed. Wound-rotor synchronous motors can be run at even higher speeds. In rolling mill drives, often 200-300 of the base speed is used. The mechanical strength of the rotor limits the maximum speed of the motor.Basic programming of the microprocessor is provided as user-inaccessible firmware.The VFD may also be controlled by a programmable logic controller through Modbus or another similar interface. Additional operator control functions might include reversing, and switching between manual speed adjustment and automatic control from an external process control signal. The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. An operator interface keypad and display unit is often provided on the front of the VFD controller as shown in the photograph above. The keypad display can often be cable-connected and mounted a short distance from the VFD controller.Typical means of hardwired communication are: 4-20mA, 0-10VDC, or using the internal 24VDC power supply with a potentiometer. Speed can also be controlled remotely and locally. Remote control instructs the VFD to ignore speed commands from the keypad while local control instructs the VFD to ignore external control and only abide by the keypad.VFDs will often block out most programming changes while running. It is also common for VFDs to provide debugging information such as fault codes and the states of the input signals.

Which will drive the output to a designated frequency after a power cycle, or after a fault has been cleared, or after the emergency stop signal has been restored (generally emergency stops are active low logic). One popular way to control a VFD is to enable auto-start and place L1, L2, and L3 into a contactor. Powering on the contactor thus turns on the drive and has it output to a designated speed. Depending on the sophistication of the drive multiple auto-starting behavior can be developed e.g. the drive auto-starts on power up but does not auto-start from clearing an emergency stop until a reset has been cycled.Most applications involve single-quadrant loads operating in quadrant I, such as in variable-torque (e.g. centrifugal pumps or fans) and certain constant-torque (e.g. extruders) loads.Some sources define two-quadrant drives as loads operating in quadrants I and III where the speed and torque is same (positive or negative) polarity in both directions.After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load. This starting method typically allows a motor to develop 150 of its rated torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50 of its rated current from the mains in the low-speed range.The frequency and voltage applied to the motor are ramped down at a controlled rate. When the frequency approaches zero, the motor is shut off. A small amount of braking torque is available to help decelerate the load a little faster than it would stop if the motor were simply switched off and allowed to coast. Additional braking torque can be obtained by adding a braking circuit (resistor controlled by a transistor) to dissipate the braking energy. With a four-quadrant rectifier (active front-end), the VFD is able to brake the load by applying a reverse torque and injecting the energy back to the AC line.
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Such energy cost savings are especially pronounced in variable-torque centrifugal fan and pump applications, where the load's torque and power vary with the square and cube, respectively, of the speed. This change gives a large power reduction compared to fixed-speed operation for a relatively small reduction in speed. For example, at 63 speed a motor load consumes only 25 of its full-speed power. This reduction is in accordance with affinity laws that define the relationship between various centrifugal load variables.AC drives instead gradually ramp the motor up to operating speed to lessen mechanical and electrical stress, reducing maintenance and repair costs, and extending the life of the motor and the driven equipment.For example, an S-curve pattern can be applied to a conveyor application for smoother deceleration and acceleration control, which reduces the backlash that can occur when a conveyor is accelerating or decelerating.CSI drives can be operated with either PWM or six-step waveform output. A cycloconverter operates as a three-phase current source via three anti-parallel-connected SCR-bridges in six-pulse configuration, each cycloconverter phase acting selectively to convert fixed line frequency AC voltage to an alternating voltage at a variable load frequency. MC drives are IGBT-based. Control platforms Edit Load torque and power characteristics Edit Available power ratings Edit In some applications a step-up transformer is placed between a LV drive and a MV motor load. MV drives are typically rated for motor applications greater than between about 375 and 750 kW (503 and 1,006 hp).When the VFD loads are relatively small in comparison to the large, stiff power system available from the electric power company, the effects of VFD harmonic distortion of the AC grid can often be within acceptable limits.This condition may lead to overheating and shorter operating life. Also, substation transformers and compensation capacitors are affected negatively.

In particular, capacitors can cause resonance conditions that can unacceptably magnify harmonic levels. In order to limit the voltage distortion, owners of VFD load may be required to install filtering equipment to reduce harmonic distortion below acceptable limits. Alternatively, the utility may adopt a solution by installing filtering equipment of its own at substations affected by the large amount of VFD equipment being used. Such rectifiers are referred to by various designations including active infeed converter (AIC), active rectifier, IGBT supply unit (ISU), active front end (AFE), or four-quadrant operation. With PWM control and a suitable input reactor, an AFE's AC line current waveform can be nearly sinusoidal. AFE inherently regenerates energy in four-quadrant mode from the DC side to the AC grid. Thus, no braking resistor is needed, and the efficiency of the drive is improved if the drive is frequently required to brake the motor.This distributes the acoustic noise over a range of frequencies to lower the peak noise intensity.Since the transmission-line impedance of the cable and motor are different, pulses tend to reflect back from the motor terminals into the cable. The resulting reflections can produce overvoltages equal to twice the DC bus voltage or up to 3.1 times the rated line voltage for long cable runs, putting high stress on the cable and motor windings, and eventual insulation failure. Insulation standards for three-phase motors rated 230 V or less adequately protect against such long-lead overvoltages. On 460 V or 575 V systems and inverters with 3rd-generation 0.1-microsecond-rise-time IGBTs, the maximum recommended cable distance between VFD and motor is about 50 m or 150 feet.Over time, EDM-based sparking causes erosion in the bearing race that can be seen as a fluting pattern.

In large motors, the stray capacitance of the windings provides paths for high-frequency currents that pass through the motor shaft ends, leading to a circulating type of bearing current. Poor grounding of motor stators can lead to shaft-to-ground bearing currents. Good cabling and grounding practices can include use of shielded, symmetrical-geometry power cable to supply the motor, installation of shaft grounding brushes, and conductive bearing grease. Bearing currents can be interrupted by installation of insulated bearings and specially designed electrostatic-shielded induction motors. Filtering and damping high-frequency bearing can be done though inserting soft magnetic cores over the three phases giving a high frequency impedance against the common mode or motor bearing currents.If the load drives the motor faster than synchronous speed, the motor acts as a generator, converting mechanical power back to electrical power. This power is returned to the drive's DC link element (capacitor or reactor). A DC-link-connected electronic power switch or braking DC chopper controls dissipation of this power as heat in a set of resistors. By contrast, regenerative drives recover braking energy by injecting this energy into the AC line.While stopped, parts are assembled correctly; once that is done, the belt moves on. Historical systems Edit Rosslyn, VA USA: National Electrical Manufacturers Association (now The Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufacturers). p. 4. Archived from the original on April 28, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008. Retrieved 2017-05-01. Reed Business Information. Bibcode: 1981asad.book.B. ISBN 978-0-87942-146-5. Retrieved February 8, 2012.Reed Business Information. Retrieved Jan 27, 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 26 September 2012. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

About 25 of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications. Systems using VFDs can be more efficient than those using throttling control of fluid flow, such as in systems with pumps and damper control for fans.Some types of single-phase motors or synchronous motors can be advantageous in some situations, but generally three-phase induction motors are preferred as the most economical. Motors that are designed for fixed-speed operation are often used.Voltage-source inverter (VSI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below) are by far the most common type of drives. Most drives are AC-AC drives in that they convert AC line input to AC inverter output. However, in some applications such as common DC bus or solar applications, drives are configured as DC-AC drives. The most basic rectifier converter for the VSI drive is configured as a three-phase, six-pulse, full-wave diode bridge. In a VSI drive, the DC link consists of a capacitor which smooths out the converter's DC output ripple and provides a stiff input to the inverter. This filtered DC voltage is converted to quasi- sinusoidal AC voltage output using the inverter's active switching elements. VSI drives provide higher power factor and lower harmonic distortion than phase-controlled current-source inverter (CSI) and load-commutated inverter (LCI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below). Permanent magnet synchronous motors have quite limited field-weakening speed range due to the constant magnet flux linkage. Wound-rotor synchronous motors and induction motors have much wider speed range. Thus, rated power can be typically produced only up to 130-150 of the rated nameplate speed. Wound-rotor synchronous motors can be run at even higher speeds. In rolling mill drives, often 200-300 of the base speed is used. The mechanical strength of the rotor limits the maximum speed of the motor.

Basic programming of the microprocessor is provided as user-inaccessible firmware.The VFD may also be controlled by a programmable logic controller through Modbus or another similar interface. Additional operator control functions might include reversing, and switching between manual speed adjustment and automatic control from an external process control signal. The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. An operator interface keypad and display unit is often provided on the front of the VFD controller as shown in the photograph above. The keypad display can often be cable-connected and mounted a short distance from the VFD controller.Typical means of hardwired communication are: 4-20mA, 0-10VDC, or using the internal 24VDC power supply with a potentiometer. Speed can also be controlled remotely and locally. Remote control instructs the VFD to ignore speed commands from the keypad while local control instructs the VFD to ignore external control and only abide by the keypad.VFDs will often block out most programming changes while running. It is also common for VFDs to provide debugging information such as fault codes and the states of the input signals.Which will drive the output to a designated frequency after a power cycle, or after a fault has been cleared, or after the emergency stop signal has been restored (generally emergency stops are active low logic). One popular way to control a VFD is to enable auto-start and place L1, L2, and L3 into a contactor. Powering on the contactor thus turns on the drive and has it output to a designated speed. Depending on the sophistication of the drive multiple auto-starting behavior can be developed e.g. the drive auto-starts on power up but does not auto-start from clearing an emergency stop until a reset has been cycled.

Most applications involve single-quadrant loads operating in quadrant I, such as in variable-torque (e.g. centrifugal pumps or fans) and certain constant-torque (e.g. extruders) loads.Some sources define two-quadrant drives as loads operating in quadrants I and III where the speed and torque is same (positive or negative) polarity in both directions.After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load. This starting method typically allows a motor to develop 150 of its rated torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50 of its rated current from the mains in the low-speed range.The frequency and voltage applied to the motor are ramped down at a controlled rate. When the frequency approaches zero, the motor is shut off. A small amount of braking torque is available to help decelerate the load a little faster than it would stop if the motor were simply switched off and allowed to coast. Additional braking torque can be obtained by adding a braking circuit (resistor controlled by a transistor) to dissipate the braking energy. With a four-quadrant rectifier (active front-end), the VFD is able to brake the load by applying a reverse torque and injecting the energy back to the AC line.Such energy cost savings are especially pronounced in variable-torque centrifugal fan and pump applications, where the load's torque and power vary with the square and cube, respectively, of the speed. This change gives a large power reduction compared to fixed-speed operation for a relatively small reduction in speed. For example, at 63 speed a motor load consumes only 25 of its full-speed power. This reduction is in accordance with affinity laws that define the relationship between various centrifugal load variables.

AC drives instead gradually ramp the motor up to operating speed to lessen mechanical and electrical stress, reducing maintenance and repair costs, and extending the life of the motor and the driven equipment.For example, an S-curve pattern can be applied to a conveyor application for smoother deceleration and acceleration control, which reduces the backlash that can occur when a conveyor is accelerating or decelerating.CSI drives can be operated with either PWM or six-step waveform output. A cycloconverter operates as a three-phase current source via three anti-parallel-connected SCR-bridges in six-pulse configuration, each cycloconverter phase acting selectively to convert fixed line frequency AC voltage to an alternating voltage at a variable load frequency. MC drives are IGBT-based. Control platforms Edit Load torque and power characteristics Edit Available power ratings Edit In some applications a step-up transformer is placed between a LV drive and a MV motor load. MV drives are typically rated for motor applications greater than between about 375 and 750 kW (503 and 1,006 hp).When the VFD loads are relatively small in comparison to the large, stiff power system available from the electric power company, the effects of VFD harmonic distortion of the AC grid can often be within acceptable limits.This condition may lead to overheating and shorter operating life. Also, substation transformers and compensation capacitors are affected negatively. In particular, capacitors can cause resonance conditions that can unacceptably magnify harmonic levels. In order to limit the voltage distortion, owners of VFD load may be required to install filtering equipment to reduce harmonic distortion below acceptable limits. Alternatively, the utility may adopt a solution by installing filtering equipment of its own at substations affected by the large amount of VFD equipment being used.

Such rectifiers are referred to by various designations including active infeed converter (AIC), active rectifier, IGBT supply unit (ISU), active front end (AFE), or four-quadrant operation. With PWM control and a suitable input reactor, an AFE's AC line current waveform can be nearly sinusoidal. AFE inherently regenerates energy in four-quadrant mode from the DC side to the AC grid. Thus, no braking resistor is needed, and the efficiency of the drive is improved if the drive is frequently required to brake the motor.This distributes the acoustic noise over a range of frequencies to lower the peak noise intensity.Since the transmission-line impedance of the cable and motor are different, pulses tend to reflect back from the motor terminals into the cable. The resulting reflections can produce overvoltages equal to twice the DC bus voltage or up to 3.1 times the rated line voltage for long cable runs, putting high stress on the cable and motor windings, and eventual insulation failure. Insulation standards for three-phase motors rated 230 V or less adequately protect against such long-lead overvoltages. On 460 V or 575 V systems and inverters with 3rd-generation 0.1-microsecond-rise-time IGBTs, the maximum recommended cable distance between VFD and motor is about 50 m or 150 feet.Over time, EDM-based sparking causes erosion in the bearing race that can be seen as a fluting pattern. In large motors, the stray capacitance of the windings provides paths for high-frequency currents that pass through the motor shaft ends, leading to a circulating type of bearing current. Poor grounding of motor stators can lead to shaft-to-ground bearing currents. Good cabling and grounding practices can include use of shielded, symmetrical-geometry power cable to supply the motor, installation of shaft grounding brushes, and conductive bearing grease. Bearing currents can be interrupted by installation of insulated bearings and specially designed electrostatic-shielded induction motors.