File Name:3M 800A Manual.pdf
ENTER SITE »»» DOWNLOAD PDF
CLICK HERE »»» BOOK READER
Size: 3394 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook
Uploaded: 4 May 2019, 14:41
Rating: 4.6/5 from 644 votes.
tatus: AVAILABLE
Last checked: 13 Minutes ago!
eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version
In order to read or download 3M 800A Manual ebook, you need to create a FREE account.
✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.
✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)
✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.
✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers
These parts are expected to wear through normal use, and should be kept on hand to minimize production delays. 3M Industrial Adhesives and Tapes 3M Center, Building 220-5E-06 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000. Please check your inbox, and if you can’t find it, check your spam folder to make sure it didn't end up there. Please also check your spam folder. These parts are expected to wear through normal use, and should be kept on hand to minimize production delays. Paul, MN 55144-1000 If technical assistance or replacement parts are needed, call or fax the appropriate number listed below. It has been set up. If any problems occur when operating this equipment and you desire a service call or phone consultation, call, write, or fax the appropriate number listed below. Paul, MN 551441000 Paul, MN 55144-1000 Paul, MN 55144-1000 Use the manual without The manufacturer reserves the right to change the Ensure that the manual is available to all operators of this equipment and is kept up to date with all subsequent amendments. Should the equipment be sold or disposed of, please ensure that the manual is passed on. Electrical and pneumatic diagrams are included in the manual.The spare parts lists are identi?ed by the ?gure identi?cation number. All the notes on safety measures or possible dangers are identi?ed by the symbol: The user receives a complete and up-to-date copy of the manual together with the machine. Afterwards the user may receive pages or parts of the manual which contain amendments or improvements made after its ?rst publication. The user must use them to update this manual. A part will be presumed to have become defective after its warranty period unless the part is received or 3M is noti?ed of the problem no later than ?ve (5) calendar days after the warranty period. If 3M is unable to repair or replace the part within a reasonable time, then 3M at its option, will replace the equipment or refund the purchase price.
http://www.ssu.kiev.ua/admin/fckeditor/editor/filemanager/connectors/php...
3m 800a manual, 3m matic 800a manual, 3m 800a case sealer manual, 3m 800a manual, 3m 800a manual, 3m 800af manual, 3m 800a manual, 3m 8000a manual, 3m matic 800a manual, 3m case sealer 800a manual.
3M shall have no obligation to provide or pay for the labor required to install the repaired or replacement part. 3M shall have no obligation Maintain clear access to power cord while machine is operating. Disconnect plug Also disconnect air if the machine has This manual contains information that will help you to maintain the machine in a good and safe working condition. Blades are extremely sharp. Any It is the responsibility of the user to appoint the operators having the appropriate skill level and the appropriate training for each category of job. It is essential that the operator and service personnel be warned that hazards exist which cannot be eliminated. During such operations, access to the machine must be restricted. When the work is ?nished, the safety protections must immediately be reactivated. He must never touch the running driving belts or put his hands inside any cavity. Also refer to Manual 2 for taping head components. Contact your 3M Representative for power requirements not listed above. Contact your 3M Representative for power requirements not listed above. Boxes must be 18 inches (457mm) apart minimum. However, if the box length (in direction of seal) to box height ratio is 0.6 or less, test run several boxes to ensure proper ma chine performance. Without the supporting pallet, the machine is exposed to damage and may cause injuries. To move the machine use belts or ropes, paying attention to place them in the points in- Retrieve the instruction manual for additional proce- The box also contains parts removed for shipping, spare parts and tools (Figure6-5). These tools should be adequate to set-up the machine, however, other tools supplied by the customer will be required for machine maintenance. The case sealer is equipped with four (4) adjustable legs that are located at the corners of the machine frame.Adjust the leg length for the desired machine bed height. Retighten the two (2) screws to secure the leg. Adjust all four (4) legs equally.
http://gosselindesign.com/images/from_fckeditor/3m-mp7730-manual.xml
Position the tape supply roll so the adhesive side of tape is facing the front of the taping head as it is pulled from the supply roll. When properly threaded the adhesive side of the tape should be facing the knurled rollers at position 2 and also position 3. Replace lower head into machine. The user should check The same thing happens in case of electrical failure or when the machine is disconnected from the mains. To restart machine, rotate the emergency stop switch clockwise to release the switch latch.Located inside the electrical enclosure on the side of the machine frame just below the machine bed, the circuit breaker has been pre-set and requires no However, if one is needed for temporary use, it must: Turn clockwise to lower head, counterclockwise to raise head. Upper taping head If box is hard to move under head or is crushed, raise head slightly. Then start the working cycle. During the mainte- At the end If this dust is Depending on the See Figure 13-4. See Figure 13-5. Remove the pin with pliers. Remove and discard old belt. NEW, NO BOX. When we receive the product we will confirm item is defective, has not been disassembled and our seal is intact. We operate throughout Australia and specialise in providing on-demand packaging equipment for filling, capping, labelling, printing, coding and marking, induction and tube sealing. We also offer related services including delivery, installation, training, technical support and emergency breakdown cover on our own rental machinery and our customer-owned machines. All rights reserved. Schneider Electric’s Innovation Summits are all about preparing you to lead in this era.Please try again later.For more details, please read our We are excited that you have joined the group. You will receive your first welcome message soon. It will describe the email program and what to expect in the upcoming weeks. Enjoy. Ideal for food and beverage, medical devices, pharmaceuticals and more.
http://www.drupalitalia.org/node/66030
With a random case sealer, the machine does the work.The four-belt system securely drives the carton through the case sealer without skewing or tipping it. With the carton squarely held in place, the tape is securely applied down the center seam. Imagine a tall but not very long carton.Depending on the case sealer, up to 3 years warranty is included.In some instances, it may be a simple extension of the columns.How can 3M help?A case sealer can be used to pre-form cartons, which can reduce your costs and increase productivity. A 3M Packaging Specialist can best recommend a solution after visiting your location.Nevertheless, we are with you through the long term, and we stake our reputation on it.These include drive belts and taping head blades to cut the tape. Otherwise, there are a variety of ways to purchase 3M replacement parts.Please be aware that this information may be stored on a server located in the U.S. If you do not consent to this use of your personal information, please do not use this system. Please try again later. Depression, ADHD, memory loss, agitation: These may seem like inevitable byproducts of modern lives spent multitasking, not getting enough sleep, and operating on digital overload. But while much of the brain’s work still remains a mystery, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the food you eat directly affects how well your brain functions. Brain health also pl.The guests range from super celebs (Jamie Foxx, Arnold Schwarzenegger, etc.) and athletes (icons of powerlifting, gymnastics, surfing, etc.) to legendary Special Operations commanders and black-market biochemists. For most of my guests, it’s the first time they. You can find assembly solutions in the Adhesives and Tapes Design Guide for Bonding, Attaching, and Fastening. Solutions through service. 3M representatives are located throughout the United States, Canada, and 50 other countries for sales assistance.
DIRECTEALGERIE.COM/images/3m-709-static-sensor-manual.pdf
For technical service, a highly trained team is ready to help you evaluate tapes for specific applications. A national authorized distributor network provides sales assistance and local product availability. Authorized converters can also help you adapt 3M tapes to meet special requirements for shape, size, and production. Download data pages and product-specific literature. Backings Characteristics Paper Crepe Conformable, easy tear. Flatback Strong, smooth, good for straight line masking. Kraft Strong, some versions are repulpable. Tissue Thin, porous to allow adhesive penetration of sheet. Plastic Polyester Strong even when thin, chemical resistant, high temperature resistance. Polypropylene Resistant to most solvents, conformable, tear resistant. Polyvinyl Chloride (Vinyl) Conformable, abrasion resistant, resistant to most chemicals. Polyimide (eg., Kapton ) High temperature resistance, excellent dimensional stability, good insulation properties. Polyamide (Nylon) High temperature resistance, high strength and toughness, good chemical resistance but can absorb moisture. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Water-soluble, organic solvent resistant, high temperature resistance. To optimize that relationship, 3M backings offer a wide choice of performance and handling characteristics. Cloth Cotton Strong, high temperature resistance, flame-resistant. Polyethylene Coated Strong yet hand tearable, abrasion resistant, water-resistant, conformable. Non-woven Fiber Metals Aluminum Lead 4 Strong, easy tear by hand, soft and drapable. Glass Cloth Air permeable, strong enough to hold expanding foams. Heat and light reflective, moisture and chemical resistant, flame-resistant, outdoor weather resistant, conformable. Electrically conductive, acid resistant, high conformability, x-ray opacity. Rubber Neoprene Abrasion resistant, die-cuttable.
https://www.blackhillsdancecentre.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-...
Each adhesive Most of the products in this guide feature a 3M pressure sensitive has different characteristics that affect production and end use performance. To illustrate the concept of surface energy, think of water on the unwaxed hood of a car. The unwaxed hood has high surface energy and water on the hood flows into puddles. In comparison, a waxed hood has low surface energy and the water beads up rather than flows out. Similar to water, adhesive on Metal Surfaces (High Surface Energy) a high surface energy surface flows and “wets out” the surface. “Wetting out” is required to form a strong bond. As a rule of thumb, the higher the surface energy, the greater the strength of adhesion. Formulation modifications can substantially alter surface energies. 1. Initial Contact (Minimal Contact) Applying firm pressure to the bond increases adhesive flow and contact for more secure bonding. For composite masking, 3M fine line (see page 8) overtapes 3M crepe masking tape for gelcoat color separation. Streamlined selection In the guide below you will quickly find solutions for most industrial applications. If not, many other 3M masking tapes are available for more specialized requirements (see the following pages). 1. What is your application? 2. To what temperature will the tape be exposed during use? 3. Do you need maximum holding power during use? 4. Do you need maximum paint edge sharpness when the tape is removed? 5. Do you want to remove the tape without slivering and adhesive residue. Tapes with best-in-class holding power for critical paint lines and clean removal on high valued products or processes. If not, other 3M masking tapes are available for more specialized requirements. High temperature. Good conformability. The crepe tape holds gross masking product in place. If not, other 3M large area products are available for more specialized requirements. Greater than 95 of the organic solvents used in manufacturing this product are recovered and used again.
agrobrasilia.com/userfiles/files/9800bt-manual.pdf
Nuclear grade is available in slate blue and red. Will not delaminate or deteriorate for up to a year. Excellent water resistance. Unique slate blue color lets customer know they have used the right tape. Copy of certificate in each carton. Tested according to UL 723, HUD and BOCA Codes. And the best case scenario is when you can put that package to work more efficiently and productively. 3M Industrial Adhesives and Tapes Division represents more than half a century of experience helping companies worldwide improve the performance of packages and packaging operations. Both seal cartons reliably without the mess, dwell time, and equipment maintenance of hot melt adhesive. Delivering sustainability by caring for the environment now and for the future. To determine a product for testing, use this selector. Circle the point value that best describes your operations. If your package is unusual in size, shape load, or contents, contact your 3M Sales Representative for customized help. Tensile strength is the tape’s resistance to breakage when pulled from opposite ends. 1. What is your application. Bundling, palletizing, non-RSC box closing, color coding, reinforcing, coil tabbing, unitizing, combining, securing, other. 3.What type of adhesive do you need. Natural rubber for hard-to-stick-to surfaces, synthetic rubber for a variety of other surfaces, or clean removal. If your application requires a unique solution or tape characteristic, please review the following pages. Scotch Tear Strip 8626 with superior tensile strength tears through medium to heavy weight corrugated fiberboard as used in household detergent boxes. Filament tapes hold doors closed during transit, including stainless steel or powder coated. Film strapping tapes hold foam corners and rubber cords during shipment, and keep plastic drawers closed during manufacturing and through in-store display and home delivery. Scotch Box Sealing Tape 373 Uses solventless adhesive coating process.
{-Variable.fc_1_url-
Select from a variety of hand-held and heavy duty pull-and-tear table top dispensers.Durable plastic tape dispenser. Features a hand break to add tension to the tape roll. Stretchable tape dispenser. Durable metal hand dispenser. Lightweight, compact, hand-held dispenser. Lightweight, compact metal, hand-held dispenser. Heavy-duty durable metal hand dispenser. Quick and easy one hand method for dispensing. Tape dispenser with hand brake. Applies an L-clip to tape with a one handed motion. An economical dispenser that applies an L-clip to tape with a one handed motion. Lightweight, pistol grip, roll-on dispenser. Hand-held, portable and easy to operate. Hand-held dispenser features adjustable tape break. Pistol grip dispenser features pull apart design. Tape tension can be controlled with tape roll brake. High impact plastic construction. Ultra-light, economical plastic dispenser. Hand-held, portable dispenser is easy to load and operate. De?nite length dispenser delivers 36mm to 384mm length of tape.Mainline tabletop manual pull and tear dispenser with multiple roll capacity — P56W has weighted base. Bag sealer — applies tape in an adhesive-to-adhesive ?ag seal — includes bag trimmer. Bag sealer — applies tape in an adhesive-to-adhesive ?ag seal. Applies L-clip of tape to a box as it’s slid across the sealer’s top surface. Applies L-clip of tape to a box as it’s slid across the sealer’s top surface (industrial version). Cellophane, UPCV, acetate Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing Max. Tape Width 2 in. Cellophane, UPCV, acetate Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing 1 in. Film-backed and ?lament tapes All high strength tapes All high strength tapes 8884 and 8886 All high strength tapes All box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes 8959, 890, and all box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes All high strength tapes All ?lament tapes All ?lament tapes Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing 1 in.
http://vibrosystem.ro/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/co...
Box closing, bundling and reinforcing Box closing, bundling and reinforcing Pallet stabilization and load containment Box closing, bundling and reinforcing Box closing Box closing Heavy duty box closing “C” clip application on RSCs Box closing, bundling and reinforcing Box closing Box closing 24 mm 24 mm 38 mm 24 mm 48 mm 72 mm 48 mm 48 mm 18 mm 18 mm 18 mm All box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes Center seam sealing on RSCs Box closing Center seam sealing on RSCs Box closing Box closing 48 mm 48 mm 72 mm 48 mm 48 mm All box sealing tapes All box sealing tapes All high strength tapes Center seam sealing on RSCs and recouperage Center seam sealing on RSCs De?nite length for clean removal and box closing tapes 48 mm 48 mm 96 mm Film-backed paper, and ?lament tapes Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing 1 in. Label protection tapes Label protection 4 in. Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing 1 in. Film-backed or paper tapes Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing 2 in. Film-backed or paper tapes Sealing, holding, attaching and tabbing 6 in. Dual masts with dual lead screws for stability and uniform height adjustments. Spring loaded drive with twin gear motors for heavy duty performance. Case Length (in.) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Min.Automatically adjusts for case height and width. Uses 36 mm to 48 mm tape widths. Can be adjusted for 3.75” min. case height using 2” tape legs. No painted surfaces.Provides pack area surface at infeed. Toe-operated lever locks case sealer in place. Bright yellow directs the eye to the label. Best choice for protection of print on carbonless labels. No dispenser needed. Non-sticky paper loop can be custom printed with product information such as bar codes, logos, or promotional messages.
adhikarinepal.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/9800-user-manual-torch.pdf
Loop area is available in colors or with custom printing using up to 4 colors Applications include bundling multi-packs of lightweight goods, carrying products such as small appliances, toys, and hardware items, combining and providing a handle for awkward-to-carry items such as pillows, secure closure of “tuck-in” boxes (eg. F High tack adheres to dif?cult surfaces High temperature application up to 350. F Good moisture, solvent resistance Colored ?lm tapes for sealing; color coding in red, white, blue, black, and green High tack, hand tearable tape; sealing to treated papers Utility grade for lightduty packaging applications Utility grade for lightduty packaging applications Heat shrinkable, tamper indication Excellent transparency. Soft elastomer mutes the slam upon closing. Patented cone shape damps sound more effectively than other shapes. Resists yellowing with age. Durable pressure sensitive acrylic or rubber adhesives go on fast with just finger pressure. High profile (right) allows better heat dissipation in electrical or electronic equipment. Clear, sound damping properties. Concave top. Good load bearing capacity. Versatile foot style for use on high-energy surfaces. Flat top, nonskid for appliances and electronics. Universal color matching. Nonslip. Ideal for picture framing. Excellent load bearing capacity. Versatile foot style, best for low-energy materials. Popular, thin nonskid for appliances or electronics. Larger height, smaller top surface for heat dissipation. For larger appliances and electronics. R-30 R-30 Tapered Square Tapered Square 0.812 (20.6) 1.280 (32.4) 0.520 (13.2) 0.250 (6.4) 70 70 Larger, high profile for heat dissipation. Larger, low profile for heavier appliances. Shape for PCB spacer applications. Top-Hat SJ6115 SJ6125 Black Black R-25 R-25 Cylindrical Hemisphere 0.625 (15.9) 0.625 (15.9) 0.187 (4.75) 0.250 (6.35) 70 70 Flat top use for recesses. Resists shear and removal. Easy Slide SJ6344 Black R-25 Cylindrical 0.750 (19.0) 0.
160 (4.0) 80 Use for low friction. Good energy absorption on impact. Works well as cushioning stop. Protects wall from door knob. Recessed center, like screw-in bumper. Cushions heaver items like glass or liftgate. For feet on small electronics. Popular small shape matches many surfaces Smaller, energy absorbing with small contact point. Smaller contact point for energy absorption. Large, ideal for door stops. Hexagon Square SJ5007 SJ5008 SJ5018 SJ5023 SJ5514 SJ5705 White, Black White, Gray, Brown, Black, Transparent White, Gray, Black, Brown White, Gray, Brown, Black Black, White, Gray, Brown Black Smallest hemisphere for appliances and electronics feet use. Unique with round flat top. Soft foam with quick stick R-25 adhesive for cabinets. A-20: Acrylic - high strength adhesion to high energy surface. R-25: Synthetic Rubber - ideal for low surface energy substrates. R-30: Natural Rubber - excellent adhesion to a wide variety of surfaces. Adhesive is formulated to hold even with a smaller bonding surface. Smaller profile for use on hand-held electronics. Hemispherical slightly taller than SJ5006. Taller hemispherical. Thin version hemispherical. Slightly taller version of SJ5346. Medium square with flat top. Slightly taller version of SJ5746. Flat-topped oval shape. 0.125 (3.2) 0.155 (3.9) 70 70 L-shaped symmetrical right angle corner. Unique hemispherical-topped oval. Available with 10-day lead time. Minimum order 30,000 pieces. Clear rollstock, great where invisible die-cuts are needed. UL 94HB recognized. Fast bonding, permanent adhesion. Economical, easy to die cut and press, ready for converting. Simply remove the clear protective liner to expose adhesive. Adhere the top adhesive edge to a dry, clean surface and squeegee over the bond area. Protects from paint overspray. Removes cleanly. Framed Mat Framed mats are adhered to a plastic frame. Frame’s nonskid back maintains position on carpet and other surfaces.
Adhesive-backed mat ideal for concrete and other smooth floor surfaces. Nonskid framed mats are ideal for carpeted surfaces and are completely portable and reusable. Note: This technical information and data should be considered representative or typical only and should not be used for specification purposes. Specialized labor for replacing glass and materials cost add up quickly. With four layers of protection, you save time and money while maintaining windows that are free from “scratchiti” and acid-etched marks. The defaced layer is simply and cleanly removed to reveal a new layer of protection. 3M optimized adhesives provide long-term adhesion and clean, easy removal between each layer and the last layer and the glass. 226 Each layer can be removed with a film removal tool. A maintenance worker simply picks and lifts the corner, then peels off the defaced sheet. Indoor grade with quick grab adhesive. Used as a patch on canvas, rubber, leather, and as a fabric joining tape. Meets FAR 25.853. Low tack adhesive. Durable erosion protection with paper liner. Thin, durable erosion protection. Durable erosion protection with best UV stability. Durable erosion protection with high shear adhesive. Tack level varies depending on the tape. All remove cleanly once the product is in the hands of the end user. Clear acrylic adhesive holds with very low tack for easy removal. Continued on page 54. Mirrors and glass products. For textured plastics and metals. High-gloss coated metals. CRT and LCD screens. Bright annealed or polished steel sheets and coils. Cell phones, windows, CRT and LCD screens. Bright annealed or polished stainless. Gloss, painted metals. Smooth, gloss, painted building panels. Mill-finished aluminum and stainless sheets or coils in fabrication and shipping. Fabric seams and headliners. Hand applied to cultured marble (typically dusty surface). Matte, high-pressure laminates. Matte plastics. Treated carpet, low and high pile.
Hot tubs, ABS matte, matte laminate, acrylic, HDPE. Premask for vinyl decals and pinstriping. Polished stainless and specular finish anodized aluminum sheets and coils. Molded fiberglass or acrylic tubs and spas. Automotive applications such as: bumpers, fascias, body side molding paint protection, tail lights or window glass. Textured decorative laminates and vinyl. Woodgrain laminates, matte plastics. Dissimilar metals. Automotive kick plates. Cultured marble and molded fiberglass. Woodgrain vinyl decorative laminates. Brushed anodized aluminum. Matte plastics or high-pressure laminates. Mirror-finish stainless, specular anodized aluminum. Automotive applications such as: paint mutilation, tail lights, lens covers and window glass. Painted metal, gloss finish building panels. Coated metal automotive trim. Mill finish aluminum and stainless coils and sheets. Molded fiberglass, polyester tubs and showers. Cultured marble, textured plastics, matte painted metals. For flat finished vinyl and aluminum window frames, flat finished painted metals and plastics. For glass and window frames with a high-gloss surface, high-gloss painted metals and plastics. For information regarding available colors, contact customer service at 1-800-241-2031. Enhanced abrasion and puncture resistance protects the surface through shipping and installation. Automotive carpets, fabric seals and headliners. For marine carpet only. Residential carpet tape. Higher adhesion for treated carpet. Cohesive film used to package small machine parts, hand tools and literature. High-gloss plastic laminates, mirror and glass products. For gloss painted metals. Gloss decorative laminates. Smooth acrylic sheet and film. Painted, gloss finish architectural building panels. Extruded, painted urethane moldings. Painted building panels. Matte decorative and vinyl laminates. Matte, plastic screen-printed nameplates. Specular anodized aluminum. Smooth, gloss painted building panels.
Premask for vinyl pinstriping, decals and emblems. Semi-gloss painted metals and plastic surfaces. Automotive moldings. Embossed, painted metal building panels. Molded fiberglass. Satin or bronzed painted aluminum and brushed finished steel and aluminum, textured plastics. Brushed aluminum and stainless. Matte high-pressure laminates. For matte finished automotive plastic parts. Brushed aluminum. Textured, plastic automotive moldings. Offers superior protection for mill finished aluminum and steel surfaces. For mill finished steel and aluminum, dull painted surfaces. For mill finished steel and aluminum, semi-gloss painted surfaces. For mill finished aluminum and 2B finished steel sheets and coil. For brushed aluminum and steel sheets and coil, satin or bronzed painted metals. Painted metal sandwich panels, painted semi-gloss aluminum and steel finishes. High-pressure laminates, name plates, instrument panels, clock faces and cell phone windows. High-pressure laminates, name plates and instrument panels. White tape for painted metals, plastic surfaces and automotive clearcoat paint finishes. Use on base, clearcoat and high gloss painted surfaces. Ideal for mutilation protection. Low tack protective tape. Transparent, low tack protective tape, good attachment to smooth surface Heavy-duty protective tape. Conformable for irregular shaped parts. Single liners maintain design integrity with either computer or stencil press equipment. Extra thick, translucent polyester. Extra thick, translucent polyester outer liner. Highest adhesion level for double linered products. Wide format available. Butter “cut”. Ideal for letter press operations. Translucent, easy liner release. Use on wood and painted surfaces. Extra thick, translucent, high liner release. Highest adhesion for single liner products. Excellent for intricate designs. These Specialty Six solve 80 of customer application needs.
Key Product Solutions Primary Customer Applications Splicing Reliably hold a seam together between two materials. Sealing Reliably seal surfaces in many special or unique applications. Enhancing Mark for color-coding, safety, or aesthetics to enhance the workplace. Shielding Shield sensitive surfaces from harsh chemicals, and heat or cold.